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The Grand Duchy of Moscow ((ロシア語:Великое Княжество Московское, ''Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye'')), or Grand Principality of Moscow (also known in English simply as Muscovy), was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia. The state originated with Daniel I, who inherited Moscow in 1283, eclipsing and eventually absorbing its parent duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal by the 1320s. It later destroyed and annexed the Novgorod Republic in 1478 and the Grand Duchy of Tver in 1485. The Grand Duchy of Moscow expanded through conquest and annexation from just 20,000 square kilometers in 1300 to 430,000 in 1462, 2.8 million in 1533, and 5.4 million by 1584.〔Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (1995), p.80.〕 Muscovy remained a tributary to the Golden Horde (under the "Tatar Yoke") until 1480. Ivan III further consolidated the state during his 43-year reign, campaigning against his major remaining rival power, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and by 1503 he had tripled the territory of Muscovy, adopting the title of tsar and claiming the title of "Ruler of all Rus'". By his marriage to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, he established Muscovy as the successor state of the Roman Empire, the "Third Rome". Ivan's successor Vasili III also enjoyed military success, gaining Smolensk from Lithuania in 1512, pushing Muscovy's borders to the Dniepr River. Vasili's son Ivan IV (later known as ''Ivan the Terrible'') was an infant at his father's death in 1533. He was crowned in 1547, assuming the title of tsar together with the proclamation of Tsardom of Russia ((ロシア語:Царство Русcкое, ''Tsarstvo Russkoe)). == Name == As with many medieval states the country had no particular "official" name, but rather official titles of the ruler. "The Duke (Knyaz) of Moscow" ((ロシア語:Московский князь)) or "the Sovereign of Moscow" ((ロシア語:Московский государь)) were common short titles. After the unification with the Duchy of Vladimir in the mid of the 14th century the dukes of Moscow might call themselves also "the Duke of Vladimir and Moscow" as Vladimir was much older than Moscow and was much "prestigious" in the hierarchy of possessions, although the principal residence of the dukes had been always in Moscow. In rivalry with other duchies (especially the Grand Duchy of Tver) Moscow dukes also designated themselves as the "''Grand'' Dukes", claiming a higher position in the hierarchy of Russian dukes. During the territorial growth and later acquisitions, the full title became rather lengthy.〔The full title of Vasily III (the father of the first Russian tsar Ivan IV) in a 1517 document: ''By God's will and our own desire, We, the Great Sovereign Vasily, by God's grace, the Tsar (sic!) and the Sovereign of all Rus' and the Grand Duke of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Tver, Yugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bolgar, and others, and the Grand Duke of Novgorod of the lower lands (i. e. Nizhny Novgorod), Chernigov, Ryazan, Volok, Rzhev, Bely, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozersk, Udora, Obdora, Konda, and others...'' ()〕 In routine documents and on seals, though, various short names were applied: "the (Grand) Duke of Moscow", "the Sovereign of Moscow" ((ロシア語:Московский государь)), "the Grand Duke of all Rus'" ((ロシア語:Великий князь всея Руси)), "the Sovereign of all Rus'" ((ロシア語:Государь всея Руси)), or simply ""the Grand Duke" ((ロシア語:Великий князь)) or "the Great (or Grand) Sovereign" ((ロシア語:Великий государь)). In spite of feodalism the collective name of the Eastern Slavic land, Rus', was not forgotten, though it then became rather cultural and geographical than political term, as there was no single political entity on the territory. Since the 14th century various Moscow dukes added "of all Rus'" ((ロシア語:всея Руси)) to their titles, after the title of Russian metropolitans, "the Metropolitan of all Rus'". Dmitry Shemyaka (died 1453) was the first Moscow duke who minted coins with the title "the ''Sovereign'' of all Rus'". Although initially both "Sovereign" and "all Rus'" were supposed to be rather honorific epithets,〔 but since Ivan III it transformed into the political claim over the territory of all the former Kievan Rus', the goal that the Moscow duke partially achieved by the end of that century, uniting eastern Rus'.〔 Such claims raised much opposition and hostility from its main rival, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, that controlled a large (western) portion of the land of ancient Rus' and hence denied any claims and even the self-name of the eastern neighbour.〔〔 Under the Polish-Lithuanian influence the country began to be called Muscovy ((ラテン語:Moscovia), (英語:Muscovy), (フランス語:Moscovie)) in Western Europe.〔 The first appearances of the term were in an Italian document of 1500.〔 Initially ''Moscovia'' was the Latinized name of the city of Moscow itself, not of the state.〔 But later it acquired its wider meaning (synecdoche) and had being used alongside of the older name, Russia. The term ''Muscovy'' persisted in the West until the beginng of the 18th century and is still used in historical contexts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grand Duchy of Moscow」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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